Aim and Background: The main purpose of this study was to review the effectiveness of APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS (ABA) approach on symptoms of autistic children during a five-year period.Methods and Materials: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 autistic children (3-7 years of age) were intervened by ABA approach at Isfahan Center of Autism for a period of five years (2007-12). Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (GARS) was filled out at baseline and at the end of the five-year period. Besides, the subjects were assessed by a checklist including cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help at the beginning of the study and at the end of each year. After five years, all collected data was analyzed with SPSS19.Findings: Pretest and the posttest values of stereotypic behaviors, communication problems, social interactions, and GARS total scores were significantly different (P<0.001). Furthermore, significant improvements in cognitive comprehension, mathematical and verbal skills, and self-help were observed after each year and at the end of the five-year period (P<0.001).Conclusions: On the whole, it can be concluded that ABA-based interventions can effectively reduce symptoms of autism and increase skills.

The aim of present study was to investigate the effectiveness of APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS on social skills development of children with autism spectrum disorder. The study was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test-post-test-follow-up with control group. A sample of 30 children with the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in Kermanshah is selected using available sampling method, who were randomly assigned to experiment and control groups of 15. The experiment group received social skills training program for 8 months using APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS method. The research tool was Winelend Social Growth Scale and the data were analyzed using SPSS19. The findings showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores (eight month intervals) and the follow-up (one month interval) of the experiment group in social skill growth (p<0/01). The results of this study show that the therapeutic method of APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS is effective for improving the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorder. Therefore, the implementation of this therapeutic approach is recommended along with the rest of the treatments.

Introduction: Currently, several approaches have been presented for treatment of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of Holistic Multidimensional Treatment Model (HMTM) with APPLIED BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS (ABA) in the improvement of clinical symptoms of children with autism spectrum disorder.Method: The present study had a Quasi experimental design. The sample included 20 children who were assigned with convenience sampling and randomly divided to 2 groups of ABA (8 boys and 2 girls) and HMTM (7 boys and 3 girls).The diagnosis was made by a child psychiatrist based on DSM-IV-TR criteria and using Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADIR) and Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Then the children were referred to Noore Hedayat center for the treatment. Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Bender Gestalt Test, Draw-A-Man Test Good enough, Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices Test for children, Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) and performance charts of children based on their videotaped behaviors were used. Data ANALYSIS was done using ANCOVA test.Results: Findings showed that in spite of more effectiveness of HMTM compared to ABA, the differences of standard tests except Bender Gestalt Test and performance charts were not significant (P>0.05).Conclusion: In conclusion, HMTM at least had the equal effectiveness to ABA in the treatment of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Further researches are needed to compare the effectiveness of these 2 methods without limitations which occurred in this research.

Background: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is currently the most commonly used invasive examination method in clinical practice. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the impact of esketamine administration during fiberoptic bronchoscopy on the occurrence of negative postoperative BEHAVIORAL changes (NPOBCs) in children. Methods: Ninety children undergoing fiberoptic bronchoscopy were enrolled and randomly assigned to 3 groups: The control group (group C, n = 30), treatment group 1 (group D1, n = 30), and treatment group 2 (group D2, n = 30). Group C received intratracheal surface anesthesia and sevoflurane inhalation, along with an intravenous injection of 5 mL of normal saline. Group D1 received intratracheal surface anesthesia and sevoflurane inhalation in addition to an intravenous injection of 0.5 mg/kg of esketamine diluted to 5 mL. Group D2 received intratracheal surface anesthesia and sevoflurane inhalation, with an intravenous injection of 0.75 mg/kg of esketamine diluted to 5 mL. Results: The incidence of NPOBCs was lower in groups D1 and D2 compared to group C at 1, 7, 14, and 30 days after the examination (P < 0.05). The pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium (PAED) scores were lower in groups D1 and D2 than in group C, with group D2 scoring lower than group D1 (P < 0.05). Groups D1 and D2 had a longer time to awaken than group C (P < 0.05), with group D2 having a longer time than group D1. The face, legs, activity, cry, and consolability (FLACC) scores in groups D1 and D2 were significantly lower than in group C, and group D2 had a lower score than group D1 (P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions was lower in groups D1 and D2 compared to group C, and the rate was even lower in group D2 than in group D1 (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Administration of esketamine at a dose of 0.75 mg/kg may yield better clinical outcomes.